Precautions for using electron tubes

(1) The electronic tube should be used under the rated filament voltage.
(2) The power loss of each electrode of the electron tube is not allowed to exceed the limit value.
(3) Try to avoid using the filament series circuit. If it cannot be avoided, the current characteristics of the filament must be the same to prevent uneven heating of the cathodes.
(4) The electronic tube is activated, aging and tested before leaving the factory. It is not allowed to aging the mechanical and electrical state of the tube after leaving the factory, but it is allowed to test its electrical performance and parameters on time.
(5) When using an indirectly heated electron tube, the potential difference between the cathode and the filament cannot exceed the specified limit value. For this reason, a dedicated filament transformer is often used for power supply. In order to eliminate the effect of leakage current instability, the circuit operation is not hindered. Under the conditions, a shunt resistance of about several ohms can be indirectly connected between the cathode and the filament.
(6) It is important to choose the resistance of the first gate circuit correctly. This resistance should be as small as possible, especially for high transconductance tubes.
In general, self-sufficient bias voltage should be used instead of a fixed bias circuit. For high transconductance (greater than 10 mA / V) tubes, a resistor with a larger resistance than the normal bias voltage can be connected to the cathode circuit However, it should be noted that the cathode potential is higher at this time. In order to ensure the required negative bias of the grid, a positive voltage lower than the cathode potential must be supplied to the grid so that the grid voltage is negative for the cathode.
(7) When the electron tube is used under the limit parameter, although it can still keep working normally, the life will be shortened quickly, and it is not allowed to use the electron tube under the condition of exceeding the limit parameter.
(8) The receiving amplifier tube is still stable when working in an environment of high temperature (+ 70 °), low temperature (-55 °), high humidity (relative humidity up to 98%, temperature 40 ± 2 °).
(9) When the ambient temperature rises, the working stability of the electron tube depends on the temperature of the largest part of the tube shell. The temperature of the tube shell depends on the heat radiation, heat conduction, convection and heat dissipation area of ​​the tube, and the temperature of the objects around the tube. When designing electronic devices, you should consider filtering:
â‘  When using a shield, ensure that the tube can conduct heat by the action of air, and the heat reflection on the surface of the shield should be small (such as a black shield).
â‘¡ The arrangement of the components in the device should be conducive to the heat dissipation of the electron tube.
③ To control the temperature of the tube shell of the electron tube, the allowable temperature of the glass shell of various electron tubes is different. For example, the allowable limit temperature of the power output tube during operation should not exceed 90 ° C in principle.
(10) Except that only high-reliability electron tubes with special structures can work under high acceleration, other receiving amplifier tubes can only withstand small vibrations for a short time, so pay attention to the shock absorption of the electron tubes when using them.
(11) When using a small tube (Thumbnail) and other tubeless tube (but with a pin), in order not to break or damage the glass shell, the following conditions must be observed:
â‘  Use the tube socket specified by the Ministry of Electronics Industry.
â‘¡ When inserting the electron tube, the normal position of the contact spring in the socket of the tube base should be prevented from being damaged.
â‘¢ Avoid using the empty feet of the tube base as connection pads.
â‘£ When plugging and unplugging the electron tube, its direction should be perpendicular to the plane of the tube base.
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