Power and frequency test analysis based on FFT-based spectrum analyzer

The frequency domain measurement of RF power is a fundamental test performed by both traditional spectrum analyzers and modern vector signal analyzers. Choosing the right testing method is essential to avoid significant inaccuracies in the results. This application note aims to help users minimize errors by explaining key instrumentation and testing fundamentals. To achieve accurate spectral measurements, several frequency and amplitude controls must be properly configured on the spectrum analyzer (see Figure 1). One of the most important settings is the **Ref Level**, which defines the maximum input range of the instrument. It acts similarly to the V/Div setting on an oscilloscope, controlling the vertical scale of the display. The reference level should be set slightly above the estimated maximum power level being tested. The ideal value balances between minimizing instrument distortion and reducing background noise. In some cases, deliberately lowering the reference level can be beneficial for wideband noise analysis, as it increases sensitivity—though the trade-off is that the measured data may be slightly distorted, which is acceptable if distortion is not a primary concern. Another important control is the **attenuator setting**, which adjusts the input range of the instrument. Most modern analyzers automatically adjust this based on the reference level. However, in virtual instruments, the y-axis can often be decoupled from these settings, allowing users to zoom in on specific parts of the spectrum without altering the overall amplitude scale. **Detection mode** is another critical factor, particularly in traditional swept spectrum analyzers. It determines how the instrument processes the spectral data, especially when the number of data points exceeds the display’s capacity. Different detection modes—such as standard, peak, sample, or valley—can significantly affect power measurements. For example, peak detection captures the highest point within a resolution bandwidth, while valley detection identifies the lowest point. These choices are crucial for accurate integrated power measurements. In addition to amplitude controls, **frequency controls** play a vital role in defining the spectral view. The **Center Frequency** sets the central point of the measurement, while the **Test Bandwidth** determines the total range of frequencies displayed. The **Resolution Bandwidth (RBW)** affects the frequency resolution of the spectrum. In traditional analyzers, RBW is controlled by analog filters, whereas in FFT-based analyzers, it is determined by the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and its associated windowing functions. This distinction impacts both resolution and measurement speed. For FFT-based analyzers, such as the PXI-5660 RF Signal Analyzer, the relationship between RBW and FFT window size is critical. A larger window improves frequency resolution but increases processing time. These instruments also offer advanced windowing options to reduce spectral leakage and improve accuracy between closely spaced signals, something traditional analyzers lack. When it comes to **frequency accuracy**, traditional swept analyzers rely on analog ramp signals and IF filters, which can introduce errors due to filter characteristics and sweep speed. In contrast, FFT-based analyzers eliminate the need for analog filters, leading to better accuracy and repeatability across the entire test bandwidth. The main sources of error in FFT-based systems are typically related to the reference frequency and the algorithm used for processing. One advantage of FFT-based analyzers is their ability to perform high-resolution measurements quickly. For instance, the PXI-5660 can complete a test in under 20ms, which is more than six times faster than traditional instruments. This speed allows for more efficient testing without sacrificing accuracy. Understanding these concepts is essential when using either traditional or FFT-based analyzers for RF power and frequency measurements. Proper configuration ensures reliable and repeatable results. Without correct settings, even the same instrument can produce inconsistent outcomes. Therefore, for each specific test, it's crucial to understand how the instrument works to select the optimal settings and achieve accurate measurements.

Remote Control Power Switch

REMOTE CONTROL SOCKET
Important Safeguards
When using any electrical appliance, in order to reduce the risk of fire, electric shock and/or injury to persons, basic safety precautions should always be follow8d. including:
• The appliance is for household and indoor use only.
• Before plugging in. check that the voitage on the rating label is the same as the mains supply.
• To protect against electric shock, do not immerse any part of the product in water or other liquid.
• This socket is intended for use by competent adults only and children should be supervised at all times.
• Do not use the socket for other than its intended use.
• This socket can be used by children aged from 8 years arxl above and persons with reduced physical, sensory or mental capabilities or lack of experience and knowledge if they have been given supervision or instruction concerning use of the appliance in a safe way and understand the hazards involved. Children shall not p<ay with the appliance Cleaning and user maintenance shall M be made by children without supervision.
• Children of less than 3 years should be kept away unless continuously supervised.
Children from 3 years and less than 8 years shall only switch on/off the appliance provided that it has been placed or installed in its intended normal operating position and they have been supervision or instruction concerning use of the appliance in a safe way and understand the hazards involved. Children aged from 3 years and less than 8 years shall not plug in. regulate and clean the appliance or perform user maintenance.
• Don't use this socket in the immediate surroundings of a bath, a shower or a swimming pool.
• In case of malfunction, do not try to repair the socket yourself, it may result in a fire hazard or electric shock
Do Not Exceed Maximum a680W
Place the LR44 batteries provided into the compartment in the back of the Remote Control, please insert as sho*/m in the back of the compartment to ensure the polarity is correct.

Programming Instructions
• Plug the Remoce Socket$($)lnto the wall socket(s) and switch on the mams supply, the red LED will flash every second.
• If the LED is not flashing press & hold the manual ON/OFF button for 5 seconds until it Hashes

•Press any ON switch on the Remote Control for approximately 2 seconds and the Remote Socket(s) learn the code. The LED will stop flashing top confirm the codehas been accepted.
• Any number of Remote Sockets can be programmed to one Remote Control ON button to create multiple switching.
• To programme o<her Remote Sockets on different Remote Control ON buttons repeat the prevous steps
• If the mains supply is turned off the Remote Sockets v/ill lose their code and it wil be necessary to re-pcogramme.
Operation:
• Plug your appliance(s) into the Remote Socket(s)
• Press the programmed ON or OFF button on the Remote Control to control the Remote Socket.
♦ The Remote Sockets can also be operated manually using its ON/OFF Button Trouble shooting
If a Remote Socket does not react to the Remote Control please check the followng:
♦ Low battery in tbo Remote Control
• Distance too large between the remote control and the recerver (ensure the range distance is no more than 20 clear Metres) and free from obstacle that may reduce the distance.
• If programming has not been successful, tum the power off and back on then follow the programming steps above.
How to decode
• Press the manual ONX)FF button for 5 seconds until the red LED flashes once per
second to confirm de-coding is successful
♦ Press the ALL OFF switch on the Remote Control for more than 3 seconds, the LED
flashes once per second to confirm (decoding successful.
Voltage: 240V-/50HZ
Max power rating: 3680W max.
Remote frequency:
Remote range:
Battery Type:
433.92MHz
230 Metres
Button Cell 2x1.5V LR44 =
Please check with your local waste management service authority regarding regulations for the safe disposal of the batteries. The batteries should never be placed G municipal waste.
Use a battery d^posal facility if available
M
For eioctncal products sold within the European Community. At the end of the electrical products useful life, it should not be disposed of wth household waste. Please recycle faaMies exist. Check with your Local Authonty or retailer for recycling advice.
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