There are numerous methods for conducting medical tests, but many of them are complicated and time-consuming. With the rapid advancement of science and technology, biosensors have emerged as a revolutionary solution, significantly transforming traditional testing procedures. In this article, we explore how biosensors are being applied in smart healthcare and their growing impact on modern medicine.
Microbial Sensors
Microbial sensors use a membrane containing microorganisms as the sensing element. These microorganisms consume dissolved oxygen in the test solution, producing heat or light in the process. This allows for the quantitative detection of various substances. Compared to enzyme-based sensors, microbial sensors are more stable and cost-effective, though their range of applications is narrower. Research indicates that they can detect approximately 60 to 70 different substances. However, microorganisms can be affected by toxic substances, which may reduce sensor accuracy and lifespan. Ongoing improvements are expected to make microbial sensors more widely available in the near future.
Enzyme Sensors
Enzyme sensors rely on immobilized enzymes as their sensitive components. They offer the advantage of not requiring extensive enzyme extraction. Clinically, they are commonly used to measure biochemical markers such as urea, glucose, lactic acid, and asparagine. For example, fourth-generation glucose sensors are now widely used, while lactic acid sensors have reached a high level of maturity internationally. When assessing kidney function, a urea sensor is essential for accurate diagnosis and targeted dialysis. Enzyme sensors have been researched for a long time, and there are currently over 200 types available on the market, showing their broad application potential.
Gene Sensors
Gene sensors are a relatively new type of biosensor, known for their advanced technology. Researchers around the world are actively studying genetic sensors, making them a popular area of research. The principle behind gene sensors relies on the high specificity of nucleic acid hybridization. Typically, these sensors contain single-stranded DNA fragments of about 30 nucleotides, which hybridize with target sequences to identify specific genetic material. Currently, DNA-based gene sensors are widely studied and used, particularly for detecting pathogens like Mycobacterium tuberculosis, HIV, and hepatitis B virus, aiding in early disease diagnosis.
Biosensors are playing an increasingly important role in smart healthcare. Their ability to enhance diagnostic efficiency and accuracy has made them a valuable tool in modern medical practice. As research continues to advance, the integration of biosensors into everyday healthcare will likely become even more widespread, driving further innovation in the field.
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